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mensaje.La mayora de las veces era el narrador rapsoda, aeda, juglar quien en funcin de sus intereses la deformaba de una u otra forma.La escrituraeditarCuando los sistemas de escritura fueron inventados en las antiguas civilizaciones, el hombre utiliz diversos soportes de escritura tablillas de arcilla, ostracon, placas de hueso o marfil, tablas de madera, papiros, tablillas enceradas, planchas de plomo, pieles curtidas, etc.La escritura fue el resultado de un proceso lento de evolucin con diversos pasos imgenes que reproducan objetos cotidianos pictografa representacin mediante smbolos ideografa y la reproduccin de slabas y letras.Los ms antiguos vestigios de escritura se encuentran, hacia finales del IV milenio a.C., en el Antiguo Egipto, con jeroglficos, y la antigua Mesopotamia, mediante signos cuneiformes escritura cuneiforme utilizaban una varilla con seccin triangular, que al hendir en placas de arcilla, dejaba una marca en forma de cua.La usaron los sumerios, acadios, asirios, hititas, persas, babilonios etc.La escritura egipcia, que perdur ms de tres milenios, mediante jeroglficos, representaba ideas abstractas, objetos, palabras, slabas, letras y nmeros.Evolucion en las escrituras hiertica y demtica.Otros pueblos, como los hititas y los aztecas tambin tuvieron tipos propios de escritura.La escritura china ms antigua que se conoce son 5.C.Xiaotun, en la provincia de Henan.Pero los primeros libros reconocibles de China corresponden al siglo VI a.C., los jiance o jiandu, rollos de finas tiras de bamb o madera grabados con tinta indeleble y atados con cordel.Estos textos servan principalmente a causas institucionales, era la obra de funcionarios civiles o militares.Desde Confucio en adelante 5.C.En el perodo de los reinos combatientes 4.C.La seda se us mucho como soporte para escribir.La tela era ligera, resistente al clima hmedo, absorba bien la tinta y proporcionaba al texto un fondo blanco, sin embargo era mucho ms cara que el bamb, es por esto que en ocasiones se haca una copia en bamb antes de grabarse en seda los textos importantes.La invencin del papel segn la tradicin china, se atribuye a un eunuco de la corte imperial llamado Cai Lin en el 1.C.Usando nuevos ingredientes trapos viejos, camo, corteza de rbol y redes de pescar cre un mtodo de fabricacin de papel muy similar al que se usa hoy en da.Pero el papel tard cientos de aos en reemplazar al bamb y la seda, fue hasta finales del siglo II d.C.Esta innovacin no se propag fuera de China hasta el 6.C.Europa a travs de Espaa hasta el siglo XII.A mediados del siglo VIII los chinos inventaron la impresin xilogrfica, o el grabado en madera, y la necesidad de reproducir un gran nmero de textos e imgenes budistas, calendarios, manuales de adivinacin y diccionarios promovi una rpida y temprana propagacin de la xilografa.El primer libro impreso chino que se ha encontrado es el Sutra del diamante del 8.C.Los impresores chinos crearon los tipos mviles hacia el siglo XI, el escritor chino Chen Kua 1.Mengshi Pitan, segn el escritor el herrero Jen.Tsung de la dinasta de los Song del norte entre 1.Tambin se le atribuye la creacin de una mesa giratoria para guardar los caracteres, esta tcnica se llamaba tipografa tablearia.Hacia el 1.Wang Tcheng, un tcnico agrnomo, emplaz la arcilla por madera de azufaifo, que era mucho ms dura.Pero este avance no revolucion la imprenta hasta el punto que lo hizo Gutenberg en Europa 4.A diferencia de las lenguas europeas, el chino escrito requiere miles de caracteres nicos, lo que hace mucho ms eficaz los bloques de madera individuales que los enormes conjuntos de tipos reutilizables.En contraste con el declive de las artes de los escribas en occidente en los siglos que siguieron a la creacin de la imprenta de tipos mviles, la caligrafa china conserv su prestigio, era un arte.No obstante, a finales del siglo XV, China haba producido ms libros que el resto del mundo junto.Los rabes aprendieron la tcnica para fabricar papel de sus contactos con China en el siglo VIII, y este se introdujo en Europa en el siglo XII a travs de la Espaa musulmana.La obra xilogrfica ms antigua encontrada hasta nuestros das es el Dharani Sutra de Corea, datado en el 7.C., aunque no se sabe quin fue el inventor de la xilografa los chinos y coreanos fueron los que impulsaron la impresin xilogrfica, principalmente para editar textos religiosos.El budismo chino y coreano fue el vehculo que trasmiti la xilografa a Japn.Pero Corea realiz muchos otros avances que revolucionaron la manera de imprimir y en consecuencia el libro.Entre 1. |
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